Chemistry+for+Middle+School

= = == =Middle School Chemistry=

Activities for Learning the Elements
=Periodic Table Videos=

Chemical Substitutions
=@Middle School Chemistry Chapter 2= =@Middle School Chemistry Chapter 3= =@Middle School Chemistry Chapter 4= =@Middle School Chemistry Chapter 5= =@Middle School Chemistry Chapter 6=

=Chapter 1, Lesson 1: Molecules Matter= media type="custom" key="24062862" media type="custom" key="24062866" What is Matter? Matters Changing State

Key Concepts

 * Chemistry is the study of matter
 * Matter is made up of extremely tiny particles called atoms and molecules
 * Atoms and molecules make up the three common states of matter on Earth--solids, liquids, and gases
 * The particles of a liquid are attracted to on another, are in motion, and are able to move past one another
 * Being a solid, liquid, or gas is a property of a substance

Objective
Students will describe their observations about water on the molecular level using the idea that water is composed of tiny molecules that are attracted to one another

Materials Needed

 * water in small cup
 * dropper
 * 2 popsicle sticks
 * wax paper
 * 2 large index cards (5x7)
 * tape
 * food coloring
 * large plastic cup
 * white sheet of paper


 * A single drop of water is made up of more than a billion trillion extremely tiny water molecules. In about 1 tablespoon of water, there are about 600 billion trillion water molecules. If you could count 1 million water molecules every second, it woudl take about 200 million centuries to count all the molecules in that tablespoon of water. Atoms and molecules are huge in number and incredibly small in size.**
 * 1) What are some examples of matter? Give a few examples in your science notebook.
 * 2) Review the first page of //Physical Science through Photography// on you iPad about matter & mass
 * 3) Does water have mass, and does it take up space?
 * 4) Do an activity to explore the attractions water molecules have for each other. Use your activity sheet and record your observations.
 * 5) Watch this animation and complete activity sheet media type="file" key="Particles_of_a_Liquid.swf" width="360" height="270"
 * 6) View the model of water molecules.Water Molecules The curved "motion lines" show that the molecules are moving. Draw your own model of water on your activity sheet.
 * 7) Watch this video that demonstrates how water molecules are attracted to one another: media type="file" key="water_balloon.wmv" width="300" height="300"
 * 8) media type="custom" key="24054110"
 * 9) Play Water Drops Unite! and Race Drop Raceway
 * 10) Read Student Reading for Chapter 1

=Chapter 1, Lesson 2: Molecules in Motion= media type="custom" key="24062886" Liquids

Key Concepts

 * Heating a liquid increases the speed of the molecules
 * An increase in the speed of the molecules competes with the attraction between molecules and causes molecules to move a little further apart
 * Cooling a liquid decreases the speed of the molecules
 * A decrease in the speed of the molecules allows the attractions between molecules to bring them a little closer together

Objective
Students will be able to explain, on the molecular level, that heating and cooling affect molecular motion

Materials Needed

 * Hot water (about 50°C) in a clear plastic cup
 * Cold water in a clear plastic cup
 * Yellow food coloring in a small cup
 * Blue food coloring in a small cup
 * 4 droppers

media type="custom" key="24054322" media type="custom" key="24080962"
 * 1) Is the speed of water molecules different in hot and cold water? What can we do to find out?
 * 2) What is a variable when conducting an experiment?
 * 3) Watch this animation and record your observations on your activity sheet: Heating and Cooling a Liquid
 * 4) Are the molecules moving faster in cold or hot water? How does this match with your observations with the food coloring?
 * 5) Look closely at the space between the molecules in cold and hot water. is there more space in between the molecules in hot water or in cold water? is it a lot of space?
 * 6) Make a comic that expresses a major concept covered in your last two science lessons. This can be done on your iPad or by hand.

=Chapter 1, Lesson 3: The Ups and Downs of Thermometers= media type="custom" key="24062900"

Key Concepts

 * The way a thermometer works is an example of heating and cooling a liquid
 * When heated, the molecules of the liquid in the thermometer move faster, causing them to get a little farther apart. This results in movement up the thermometer
 * When cooled, the molecules of the liquid in the thermometer move slower, causing them to get a little closer together. This results in movement down the thermometer

Objective
Students will be able to describe, on the molecular level, why the liquid in a thermometer goes up when it is heated and down when it is cooled.

Materials Needed

 * thermometer
 * magnifier
 * cold water
 * hot water (about 50°C)


 * 1) Why do you think the liquid in a thermometer moves up and down when it is heated and cooled?
 * 2) Complete the procedure and mark your observations on your activity sheet.
 * 3) Watch the animation and answer related question on your activity sheet. Heating and Cooling a Thermometer
 * 4) media type="custom" key="24080982"Molecules in a Thermometer
 * 5) Different Thermometers, Same Temperatures - Complete the Take it Further portion of your activity sheet

=Chapter 1, Lesson 4: Moving Molecules in a Solid= media type="custom" key="24063092" Solids

Key Concepts

 * In a solid, the atoms are very attracted to one another. The atoms vibrate but stay in fixed positions because of their strong attractions for one another.
 * Heating a solid increases the motion of the atoms
 * An increase in the motion of the atoms competes with the attraction between atoms and causes them to move a little further apart
 * Cooling a solid decreases the motion of the atoms
 * A decrease in the motion of the atoms allows the attractions between atoms to bring them a little close together

Objective
Based on their observations students will describe, on the molecular level, how heating and cooling affect the motion of atoms in a solid.

Materials Needed

 * Balloon
 * Plastic water or soda bottle


 * 1) What do you know about molecules in a liquid? Hos does heating or cooling affect the speed of the molecules and the distance between them?
 * 2) Do you think atoms in a solid are attracted to each other? Do you think heating or cooling a solid might affect the motion of the atoms? Put your answer in your science notebook.
 * 3) Watch these animations:media type="file" key="particles_of_a_solid.swf" width="360" height="270" media type="file" key="comparing_solid_and_liquid.swf" width="360" height="270"
 * 4) Watch this video and record your observations on your activity sheet:media type="file" key="ball_and_ring.wmv" width="300" height="300"
 * 5) media type="custom" key="24064054"
 * 6) Perform the Balloon Expansion experiment & record your observations in your science notebook. Be sure to write up the experiment using the scientific method. Science Experiments
 * 7) Watch this animation and complete the questions and drawing on your activity sheet: Heating and Cooling a Solid
 * 8) Complete the Take it Further section on activity sheet

=Chapter 1, Lesson 5: Air, It's Really There= media type="custom" key="24064668" media type="custom" key="24075230"

Key Concepts

 * In a gas, the particles (atoms and molecules) have weak attraction for one another. They are able to move freely past each other with little interaction between them.
 * The particles of a gas are much more spread out and move more independently compared to the particles of liquids and solids
 * Whether a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas at a certain temperature depends on the balance between the motion of the particles at that temperature and how strong their attractions are for one another
 * Heating a gas increases the speed of its atoms or molecules
 * Cooling a gas decreases the speed of its atoms or molecules

Objective
Students will be able to describe gas as matter. They will also be able to describe, on the molecular level, the effect of heating and cooling on the motion of molecules of a gas.

Materials Needed

 * 2 clear plastic cups
 * 8-oz plastic bottle
 * detergent solution in a cup
 * hot water (about 50°C)
 * cold water
 * ball, very deflated
 * balance
 * pump
 * can of compressed gas


 * 1) Watch these videos: media type="file" key="air_has_mass_ball.wmv" width="300" height="300" media type="file" key="air_has_mass_can.wmv" width="300" height="300"
 * 2) Find the mass of the deflated ball. Do you think the ball will weight more or less after we pump air into it? Write your hypothesis in your science notebook.
 * 3) Pump as much air into the ball as you can and then place back on the scale.
 * 4) Watch this animation: media type="file" key="particles_of_a_gas.swf" width="360" height="270"
 * 5) Complete the activity to find out how heating and cooling affect gases. Record your results on your sheet
 * 6) Watch this animation of a bubble as it is heated and cooled: media type="file" key="heating_cooling_gas_in_bottle.swf" width="360" height="270" Answer the questions about the growing and shrinking bubble on your activity sheet
 * 7) Compare the molecules in solids, liquids, and gases as seen in this animation: media type="file" key="comparing_solids_liquids_and_gases.swf" width="360" height="270"
 * 8) Use this illustration as a reference and draw a model of solids, liquids, and gases on your activity sheet. Solid, Liquid, and Gas
 * 9) Complete the Take It Further section. If you need a hint, watch the following animation: Heating Molecules of a Gas

=Chapter 1 Review & Reflect= Unit Challenge Go to this site and take the quiz on Identifying Solids, Liquids, & Gases